Chaparral (Larrea tridentata): Healing Properties of the Creosote Bush
Chaparral, scientifically known as Larrea tridentata and commonly called creosote bush, is a resilient desert plant with a rich history of medicinal use—and a lifespan that defies imagination. Native to North America’s arid landscapes, this hardy, evergreen shrub thrives where little else can, its deep roots tapping into hidden water sources.
What makes chaparral truly captivating is its longevity: in California’s Mojave Desert stands the “King Clone,” a clonal ring of chaparral estimated at 11,700 years old, making it one of Earth’s oldest living organisms. Sprouting around 9700 BC—when humans were still hunting and gathering, agriculture was just emerging, and the last Ice Age glaciers were retreating—this plant’s original above-ground growth died long ago, but its underground roots persist, sending up genetically identical shrubs that form a sprawling ring today.
For centuries, indigenous tribes like the Pima, Tohono O’odham, and Apache have revered chaparral for its versatility, using it to treat kidney and gallbladder stones, colds, rheumatism, and skin conditions. Beyond its medicinal prowess (explored later), chaparral enchants with its sheer commonness across its range, ease of gathering, and the invigorating, pungent aroma it releases after a desert rain—a scent that fills the air with life. Today, science has unlocked some of its secrets, pinpointing nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) as the potent antioxidant driving its therapeutic potential, cementing chaparral’s status as a bridge between ancient wisdom and modern discovery.
Photos featured in this article were taken by my dad when we lived in Flagstaff, AZ between ~2003-2008 and frequently went backpacking in the surrounding desert wilderness areas.
Old growth chaparral
Where Does Chaparral Grow?
Native to the deserts of North America, chaparral (Larrea tridentata), commonly known as creosote bush, is predominantly found in the southwestern United States—spanning states like Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California—and extends into northern Mexico. It flourishes in the harsh conditions of the Sonoran, Chihuahuan, and Mojave Deserts, where its deep root system allows it to access water unavailable to other plants. This adaptability has made it a dominant species in these ecosystems, often forming vast stands known as "creosote flats." Its small, waxy leaves and yellowish flowers are iconic features of the desert landscape. Remarkably, chaparral’s resilience shines even brighter after a wildfire sweeps through its habitat. When a grassland containing this plant is burned, chaparral doesn’t just recover—it regenerates with vigor, sprouting back with significantly more leaves than before. This phoenix-like ability to rise even stronger from the ashes highlights its tenacity, transforming a scorched landscape into a lusher, greener version of itself, as if reborn from the flames.
Taste Profile + Energetics
Taste: Chaparral has an intense, distinctive flavor profile—bitter, astringent, and slightly resinous with a pungent, earthy undertone that echoes its creosote-like aroma.
Energetics: It is considered cooling and drying in herbal traditions, making it ideal for conditions involving excess heat or dampness, such as inflammation, infections, or mucous congestion.
Digestive Stimulation: Its bitter quality also stimulates digestion, aligning with its historical use for supporting liver and kidney function.
Medicinal Uses of Chaparral: A Deep Dive
Antioxidant Powerhouse
At the heart of chaparral’s medicinal prowess is NDGA, a robust antioxidant that neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) like peroxynitrite and superoxide anion. These harmful molecules contribute to cellular damage, aging, and chronic diseases. By scavenging ROS, NDGA protects vital organs like the liver and kidneys from oxidative stress, laying the foundation for chaparral’s wide-ranging benefits.
Anti-Inflammatory
Chaparral shines as an anti-inflammatory agent, thanks to NDGA’s ability to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase—an enzyme involved in producing inflammatory compounds like leukotrienes and prostaglandins. This makes it a promising ally for managing conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and other inflammatory disorders, offering natural relief where conventional treatments may fall short.
Cancer-Fighting Potential
Emerging research highlights NDGA’s anti-tumor effects, particularly in breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. It works by halting cancer cell proliferation and triggering apoptosis (programmed cell death). Additionally, NDGA enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs like trastuzumab, offering hope for overcoming resistance in cancer treatment.
Cardiovascular Support
For heart health, chaparral’s NDGA boosts endothelial function by increasing the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), a key player in maintaining healthy blood vessels. This action may help prevent endothelial dysfunction linked to atherosclerosis and hypertension, promoting better circulation and vascular resilience.
Neuroprotective Properties
Chaparral extends its protective reach to the brain, where NDGA shields neurons from damage in conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and ischemia. By reducing ROS accumulation and enhancing glutamate uptake, it mitigates neuronal toxicity, suggesting potential applications in neurodegenerative disease management.
Viruses, Bacteria, Protozoa & Fungal Infections
Chaparral’s key compound, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), adds impressive versatility to its medicinal profile by targeting a range of infectious organisms. Research highlights NDGA’s antiviral properties, showing it inhibits replication and gene expression in viruses like HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human papillomavirus (HPV). This makes chaparral a candidate for natural antiviral support in integrative medicine, though its effectiveness varies. Beyond viruses, traditional herbalists value chaparral for combating bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, particularly in first aid and infection management. While it doesn’t always succeed, its frequent success—sometimes where other herbs or drugs fail—keeps it in use.
Staph Infections
For skin infections, chaparral has been applied against bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus (staph), a common culprit in wounds. Herbalists historically soak affected areas (e.g., hands or feet) in strong chaparral tea or use hot compresses if soaking isn’t possible, followed by tincture applied directly or on gauze, secured with self-adhesive tape to avoid worsening the infection.
One study showed that chaparral extract’s antimicrobial activity against staph is 2000–8000 times stronger than penicillin or ampicillin, likely due to a cofactor boosting β-lactam activity and even enhancing natural penicillin when combined. Staph can be stubborn and contagious, requiring careful handling and hygiene. The study also showed that combining chaparral extract with antibiotics compounds their effects.
Gut Health
In gut infections—caused by bacteria, viruses, or protozoa from tainted food or water—chaparral has been paired with other herbs, though distinguishing infection from other issues like irritable bowel syndrome is tricky without expertise.
Fungal Infections
For fungal infections, such as athlete’s foot (Tinea) or toenail fungus, hot tea soaks and tincture applications have shown promise in traditional use. These methods reflect chaparral’s broad antimicrobial potential, historically valued for skin and gut health, though results depend on the infection type, severity, and individual response.
Herbal Combinations with Chaparral
Herbalists often blend chaparral (Larrea tridentata) with other plants to balance its energetics—cooling and drying—and boost its effects, tailoring the mix to specific health needs. This practice hinges on aligning a formula’s properties (e.g., warming, moistening, or astringent) with the body’s state, making herbs work better together. There are different schools of thought on crafting these blends, from traditional systems like Ayurveda or Chinese medicine to Western herbalism, each with deep, advanced techniques. Some herbalists study for years to master this science and art, creating custom formulas based on an individual’s energetic state, disease presentation, and constitution—far beyond simple recipes. While chaparral can stand alone, these combinations reflect traditional wisdom. Here are common (non-custom) combinations that include chaparral:
Antibacterials/Infection-fighting: Echinacea (Echinacea spp.), Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), Osha (Ligusticum porteri), Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), Oregon graperoot (Berberis spp.), Barberry (Berberis thunbergii), Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Anti-inflammatories/Swelling Reducer: Arnica (Arnica spp.), Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), Willow (Salix spp.), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.)
Astringents/Remove excess water & Tighten tissues: Yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica), Oak (Quercus spp.), Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), Geranium root (Geranium maculatum)
Vulneraries/Skin healers: Calendula (Calendula officinalis), Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Historical Use by Native Tribes
Native American tribes have long regarded chaparral as a sacred and practical remedy. The Pima brewed its leaves into teas to treat colds and digestive issues, while the Tohono O’odham used it topically for wounds and skin irritations. The Apache valued it for rheumatism and kidney stones, often preparing salves or infusions. The plant’s resin was even used as a natural adhesive or sealant, showcasing its multifaceted role in tribal life. These traditional uses underscore chaparral’s deep cultural roots and enduring legacy in herbal medicine.
Harvesting Considerations
Harvesting chaparral (Larrea tridentata) requires care and respect for its desert habitat, where it often reigns as the dominant plant, forming huge colonies across its range. The best time to gather its leaves and twigs is in late spring or early summer when volatile oils peak, but you’ll find the most vibrant material by seeking out plants with young growth. Look for brighter green stems and leaves—these tend to have a stronger resinous smell and indicate active growth, often thriving near roadsides where scant desert water runs off and nourishes the plants. However, it’s wise to avoid harvesting directly along roads to steer clear of pollutants—luckily, chaparral’s abundance means cleaner stands are usually just steps away.
Gathering is straightforward: use sharp pruning shears to cut stems cleanly or simply snap off the brittle younger stems by hand, a method that works well given the plant’s natural fragility. Take only small amounts from multiple shrubs to ensure sustainability, as chaparral grows slowly in its arid home. For collection, burlap bags are a versatile choice, keeping your harvest secure while allowing airflow. Always wear gloves, as the sticky resin can irritate skin, and respect the plant’s long lifespan—some stands are thousands of years old—by harvesting ethically to preserve this desert treasure for future generations.
-
Know the Plant and Its Lifecycle:
Identify the herb with certainty (use a field guide or app if needed) to avoid harvesting endangered or toxic species.
Understand its growth habits—annuals, biennials, or perennials—and harvest at the right time to avoid disrupting seed production or regrowth.
Harvest Sparingly (The 1/3 Rule):
Never take more than one-third of a plant or one-third of a patch. This leaves enough for the plant to recover, reproduce, and support wildlife.
If a population looks sparse, skip harvesting entirely.
Leave Roots Intact (When Possible):
For perennials, harvest only the leaves, flowers, or stems unless the root is essential (e.g., burdock or dandelion). If you must dig roots, take only a small portion and replant what you don’t use.
Respect Protected or Rare Species:
Check local regulations and avoid harvesting endangered or protected plants (e.g., ginseng or goldenseal in some regions). Look up your area’s rare plant list.
Harvest in Healthy, Abundant Areas:
Choose spots where the herb is plentiful and avoid overharvesting in one location. Spread out your gathering to reduce impact.
Avoid Polluted Areas:
Don’t harvest near roadsides, industrial zones, or places with potential pesticide or water contamination. Plants absorb toxins, which can harm you and indicate an unhealthy ecosystem.
Time It Right:
Gather herbs at their peak (e.g., leaves before flowering, flowers when just opened) to maximize potency and allow the plant to complete its reproductive cycle afterward.
Leave No Trace:
Don’t trample surrounding vegetation, disturb wildlife, or leave litter. Use scissors or a knife for clean cuts rather than tearing plants, which can damage them.
Support Regeneration:
Scatter seeds if you’re harvesting seed-bearing parts, or leave flowering plants to reseed naturally. Avoid taking all the seed heads from any patch.
Follow Local Laws and Permissions:
Get permission if harvesting on private land, and adhere to foraging regulations in public areas like parks or forests (some require permits or restrict gathering).
Monitor and Rotate Sites:
Revisit past harvest spots to ensure regrowth. Rotate where you gather each season to prevent overexploitation.
How to Process Chaparral for Medicinal Use
After harvesting chaparral (Larrea tridentata), the leaves—sometimes mixed with small branches, flowers, or seed pods—are the main part used in traditional remedies. They can be processed fresh or dried since they’re naturally pretty low in water. To dry them, spread the leaves on a tarp or sheet in a dry room away from moisture; sunlight speeds it up, taking a few days. A dehydrator works too, but the plant’s strong, tar-like smell will spread through the house and linger in the machine, possibly affecting other items dried later. Chaparral’s antioxidants (like NDGA) help these preparations last longer than many herbs. Here’s how it’s traditionally prepared:
Tincture: Leaves are soaked in strong alcohol (like 95% ethanol) in a jar—twice as much alcohol as leaves, covering them with a few extra inches—for weeks to make a concentrated liquid.
Infused Oil: Leaves are soaked in your choice of oil, covered with a few inches, for at least 2 weeks. It’s been used historically as an antiseptic for cuts and can stabilize other oils or salves, though the smell is strong. Oils used for this method should be liquid at room temperature.
Salve: Infused oil is mixed with beeswax to form a solid balm, sometimes with essential oils added, for skin applications in traditional practices.
Tea: Hot water is poured over leaves to steep (not boiled) for a water-based extract, known for its bitter taste.
Honey: Leaves are covered with honey and left for weeks, sometimes warmed gently, to blend their properties, historically considered for burns.
Capsules: Dried leaves are ground into powder and put into capsules to avoid the taste in some traditions.
Compress: A cloth soaked in chaparral tea is applied to skin areas, an old method when soaking isn’t practical.
Poultice: Mashed leaves are placed directly on skin, or chewed into a “spit poultice,” though the flavor is intense.
Powder: Ground leaves are mixed with clay or water, or used in capsules, and stay potent over time.
Soak/Bath: Strong tea is made for soaking a body part in warm water, traditionally cleaned well after to avoid contamination.
This information is provided for educational purposes only. Please do not attempt without the guidance of a healthcare provider.
Helpful Articles
Safety and Toxicity
While chaparral offers remarkable benefits, caution is essential. High doses of NDGA can strain the liver and kidneys, potentially leading to toxicity. Traditional low-dose preparations, like weak teas, are generally safe, but “excessive” use has been linked to dermatitis, hepatotoxicity, and other adverse effects. Pregnant or nursing individuals and those with liver or kidney conditions should avoid it. Always consult an experienced herbalist or healthcare professional before incorporating chaparral into your wellness routine.
There are other herbs on the FDA’s list of “unsafe” herbs that are actually generally safe when used in certain contexts or when prepared a certain way. Licorice, for example is also on the list, likely due to blood pressure concerns, however licorice only changes blood pressure in about 10% or less of the people that use it. It’s important to do your own research, listen to your body, and find out your full list of options.
Why Chaparral Deserves a Spotlight
Chaparral (Larrea tridentata) is more than just a desert survivor—it’s a potent therapeutic herb with a legacy spanning centuries and a future in modern science. From its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory powers to its applications in cancer care and tissue engineering, this creosote bush bridges the gap between tradition and innovation. Whether you’re drawn to its bitter taste, cooling energetics, or historical significance, chaparral invites us to explore the resilience and wisdom of nature’s pharmacy. Use it wisely, and let this desert gem enhance your herbal journey.
-
Chevallier, A. (1996). The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersley Limited.
Tierra, M. (1988). Planetary herbology. Lotus Press.
Ulbricht, Catherine & Basch, Ethan & Vora, Mamta & Sollars, David & Rogers, Adrianne & Basch, Samuel & Smith, Michael & Moffet, Howard & Hammerness, Paul. (2003). Chaparral monograph: A clinical decision support tool. Journal of herbal pharmacotherapy. 3. 121-33. 10.1080/J157v03n01_08.
7Song. (n.d.). Plant medicine notes: Chaparral (Larrea tridentata). 7Song. Retrieved March 4, 2025, from https://7song.com/plant-medicine-notes-chaparral-larrea-tridentata/
Turner T, Ruiz G, Gerstel J, Langland J. Characterization of the antibacterial activity from ethanolic extracts of the botanical, Larrea tridentata. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021 Jun 25;21(1):177. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03344-9. PMID: 34172064; PMCID: PMC8235861.
Anderson, M. K., & Rosenthal, J. (2015). An Ethnobiological Approach to Reconstructing Indigenous Fire Regimes in the Foothill Chaparral of the Western Sierra Nevada. Journal of Ethnobiology, 35(1), 4-36. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-35.1.4
Cooper, W. S. (1922). The broad-sclerophyll vegetation of California: An ecological study of the chaparral and its related communities. Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Bashyal B, Li L, Bains T, Debnath A, LaBarbera DV. Larrea tridentata: A novel source for anti-parasitic agents active against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Naegleria fowleri. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Aug 9;11(8):e0005832. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005832. PMID: 28793307; PMCID: PMC5565192.
Del Vecchyo-Tenorio G, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Andrade-Cetto A, Cárdenas-Vázquez R. Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata) Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Reduces Plasma and Hepatic Lipids in Hamsters Fed a High Fat and Cholesterol Diet. Front Pharmacol. 2016 Jun 28;7:194. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00194. PMID: 27445827; PMCID: PMC4924253.
Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee on the Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2005. Appendix D, Chaparral: Prototype Monograph Summary. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216065/
Zang LY, Cosma G, Gardner H, Starks K, Shi X, Vallyathan V. Scavenging of superoxide anion radical by chaparral. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999 Jun;196(1-2):157-61. PMID: 10448915.
Lü JM, Nurko J, Weakley SM, Jiang J, Kougias P, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and its derivatives: an update. Med Sci Monit. 2010 May;16(5):RA93-100. PMID: 20424564; PMCID: PMC2927326.
Klepser TB, Klepser ME. Unsafe and potentially safe herbal therapies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999 Jan 15;56(2):125-38; quiz 139-41. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/56.2.125. PMID: 10030529.
Cassileth, B. R. (1999). Evaluating complementary and alternative therapies for cancer patients. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 49(6), 362–375. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.49.6.362
